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High cell density fermentation production of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)was studied in an Escherichia coli secretory expression system. By using glycerol instead of glucose as a carbon source and feeding in a specific fed-batch mode and by controlling the temperature at about 30deg C and maintaining the dissolved oxygen level at 20 approx 25% saturation, cell density increased from 30 to 91.8 g~(-1),the production of recombinant GM-CSF remained high and the fermenation time was reduced from 45 to 30 h. Recombination GM-CSF was purified by hydrophobic column-molecular sieve-ion exchange column chromatography. The expression of recombiant GM-CSF was not affected by fermentation methods,sieve-ion exchange column chromatography. The expression of recombinant GM-CSF was not affected by fermentation methods, the production of GM-CSF reached 28.04% (about 1.68 g 1~(-1)) and 27.51%(about 1.64 g 1~(-1)) of total somatic proteins for high cell density and normal fermenatation, respectively. The corresponding value for specific activity of GM-CSF was 2.6*10~7, and 2.4*10~7,respectively.